Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 still remains the dominant species in open field crops in Brazil

Abstract Among Bemisia tabaci species, the invasive MEAM1 and MED species are key agricultural pests for many crops. In Brazil, most part of B. tabaci population outbreaks were associated with MEAM1, which, since 1990s quickly spread across the entire country. Later in 2014, the MED was identified in Brazil, initially more restricted to greenhouses, but suddenly reaching new areas in the South and Southeast open regions. Thus, our objective was to investigate the geographical distribution of MEAM1 and MED on open field crops in Brazil. MEAM1 is still the predominant species on open field crops such as soybean, cotton, and tomato. The sequencing of a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment revealed a single haplotype of MEAM1, suggesting the establishment of a single MEAM1 strain in the country. The haplotypes found for MEAM1 and MED are genetically related to the globally dispersed strains, Jap1 and Mch1, respectively. Continuous monitoring of B. tabaci species is crucial because landscape alterations, climatic changes, and pest management methods may shift the B. tabaci species distribution and dominance in Brazilian crop areas.

Resumo Dentre as espécies de Bemisia tabaci, as espécies invasoras MEAM1 e MED se destacam como pragas de grande importância para várias culturas. No Brasil, a maior parte dos surtos populacionais de mosca-branca são associados a presença da espécie MEAM1, que a partir 1990 se espalhou por todo o país. Por outro lado, em 2014 a espécie MED foi identificada no Brasil, inicialmente restrita a casas de vegetação, mas rapidamente se difundindo em novas áreas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a distribuição geográfica das espécies MEAM1 e MED em grandes culturas no Brasil. A espécie MEAM1 continua sendo predominante nas monoculturas como algodão, soja e tomate. O sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI) revelou a presença de um haplótipo para MEAM1, sugerindo o estabelecimento de apenas uma linhagem no país. Os haplótipos encontrados para MEAM1 e MED são geneticamente relacionados as linhagens globalmente dispersas Jap1 e Mch1, respectivamente. O monitoramento contínuo das espécies de B. tabaci é crucial pois as mudanças na paisagem, mudanças climáticas e métodos de manejo das pragas podem alterar a dominância e a distribuição dessas espécies nas áreas agrícolas do Brasil.

Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 still remains the dominant species in open field crops in Brazil / Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 ainda é a espécie dominante em cultivos a céu aberto no Brasil

Among Bemisia tabaci species, the invasive MEAM1 and MED species are key agricultural pests for many crops. In Brazil, most part of B. tabaci population outbreaks were associated with MEAM1, which, since 1990s quickly spread across the entire country. Later in 2014, the MED was identified in Brazil, initially more restricted to greenhouses, but suddenly reaching new areas in the South and Southeast open regions. Thus, our objective was to investigate the geographical distribution of MEAM1 and MED on open field crops in Brazil. MEAM1 is still the predominant species on open field crops such as soybean, cotton, and tomato. The sequencing of a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment revealed a single haplotype of MEAM1, suggesting the establishment of a single MEAM1 strain in the country. The haplotypes found for MEAM1 and MED are genetically related to the globally dispersed strains, Jap1 and Mch1, respectively. Continuous monitoring of B. tabaci species is crucial because landscape alterations, climatic changes, and pest management methods may shift the B. tabaci species distribution and dominance in Brazilian crop areas.

Dentre as espécies de Bemisia tabaci, as espécies invasoras MEAM1 e MED se destacam como pragas de grande importância para várias culturas. No Brasil, a maior parte dos surtos populacionais de mosca-branca são associados a presença da espécie MEAM1, que a partir 1990 se espalhou por todo o país. Por outro lado, em 2014 a espécie MED foi identificada no Brasil, inicialmente restrita a casas de vegetação, mas rapidamente se difundindo em novas áreas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a distribuição geográfica das espécies MEAM1 e MED em grandes culturas no Brasil. A espécie MEAM1 continua sendo predominante nas monoculturas como algodão, soja e tomate. O sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI) revelou a presença de um haplótipo para MEAM1, sugerindo o estabelecimento de apenas uma linhagem no país. Os haplótipos encontrados para MEAM1 e MED são geneticamente relacionados as linhagens globalmente dispersas Jap1 e Mch1, respectivamente. O monitoramento contínuo das espécies de B. tabaci é crucial pois as mudanças na paisagem, mudanças climáticas e métodos de manejo das pragas podem alterar a dominância e a distribuição dessas espécies nas áreas agrícolas do Brasil.

Identification of carboxymethyl (CM)-binding proteins derived from Lolium multiflorum pollen extract and antibody reactivity in Brazilian allergic patients

Lolium multiflorum grass is the major pollen allergen source in the southern region of Brazil, but most of its allergens remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate antibody reactivity to L. multiflorum crude and carboxymethyl-ligand extracts in allergic patients and healthy individuals. Ion exchange carboxymethyl (CM) chromatography (CM-Sepharose) was used to isolate proteins (S2) from L. multiflorum crude extract (S1), which were assessed by SDS-PAGE. S1- and S2-specific IgE and IgG4 levels were measured by ELISA using sera from 55 atopic and 16 non-atopic subjects. Reactive polypeptide bands in S1 and S2 were detected by immunoblotting, and the most prominent bands in S2 were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Similar IgE and IgG4 levels were observed to both S1 (IgE median absorbance: 1.22; IgG4 median absorbance: 0.68) and S2 (IgE median absorbance: 1.26; IgG4 median absorbance: 0.85) in atopic subjects. S1 and S2 had positive correlations for IgE and IgG4 (IgE: r=0.9567; IgG4: r=0.9229; P<0.0001) levels. Homology between S1 and S2 was confirmed by IgE (84%) and IgG4 (83%) inhibition. Immunoblotting revealed that the 29-32 kDa band was recognized by 100% of atopic subjects in both S1 and S2. MS-MS analysis identified similarity profile to groups 1 and 5 grass allergens. This study revealed that carboxymethyl-ligand fraction played an important role for pollen allergy diagnosis by containing clinically relevant allergens and constituted a promising candidate for allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats / Ação do extrato de folhas de Pouteria ramiflora em emulgel na atividade de cicatrização de feridas em ratos diabéticos

The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index (> 240 mg dL-¹). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p<0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p<0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showeda higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p<0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p<0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p<0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetic's animals.

O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico (> 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p<0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p<0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p<0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p<0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p<0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats

Abstract The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index ( 240 mg dL-1). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p 0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p 0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showed a higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p 0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p 0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p 0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetics animals.

Resumo O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico ( 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p 0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p 0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p 0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p 0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p 0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p 0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p 0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Pouteria ramiflora leaf extract on emulgel in wound healing activity in diabetic rats / Ação do extrato de folhas de Pouteria ramiflora em emulgel na atividade de cicatrização de feridas em ratos diabéticos

The genus Pouteria has been studied because it presents various activities, among which is its anti-inflammatory potential. The effects of Pouteria ramiflora Carbopol gel on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats were evaluated by microscopic imaging. Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in animals that had fasted for 12 hours, a situation confirmed by the glycemic index (> 240 mg dL-1). An excision on the back of the animals was performed and three groups were formed: Control (Gel), Ethanolic extract (Ext) and Gel + extract 2% (Ext+gel); the histopathological evaluation occurred on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days after the post-operative period. The results of the phytochemical prospecting of P. ramiflora extract demonstrated the major presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate on the 7th day was higher on group Ext and Ext+gel when compared to group Control; on the 14th day control and Ext (p<0.05). The quantification of fibroblasts was higher on the 7th day among the three treatments, control and Ext (p<0.05), on the 21st day. Angiogenesis showed a higher number of vessels in Ext+gel group (p<0.05) on the 7th day; in Control, Ext and Ext+gel (p<0.05) on the 14th day; and Control and Ext (p<0.05)on the 21st day. The histopathological results showed that the formulation Ext+gel was efficient in tissue reparation and decrease in inflammatory cells on the diabetic's animals.

O gênero Pouteria apresenta várias aplicações terapêuticas e, dentre elas, grande potencial antiflamatório. Os efeitos do gel de Pouteria ramiflora sobre a cicatrização de feridas na pele de ratos diabéticos foram avaliados pela histomorfometria. A estreptozotocina foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em animais após jejum de 12 horas, a confirmação de indução da diabetes foi confirmada pelo índice glicêmico (> 240 mg dL-1). Foi realizada uma incisão no dorso do animal e foram criados 3 grupos de tratamento: controle (gel carbopol), extrato etanólico (Ext) e Gel + extrato etanólico à 2% (Ext+gel); a avaliação histopatológica foi realizada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 30º dias após o período pós operatório. Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos de P. ramiflora demonstraram majoritariamente a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides; o infiltrado inflamatório avaliado no 7º dia foi maior para animais do grupo controle em relação aos grupos Ext (p<0.05) e Ext+gel 2% (p<0.05); no 14º dia o controle e Exp (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento significativo dos infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de fibroblastos foi elevada no 7º dia em todos os tratamentos. O processo da angiogênese mostrou um maior número de vasos sanguíneos entre os grupos Ext e Ext+gel (p<0.05) no 7º dia; no 14º dia o grupo controle, Ext (p<0.05), Control e Ext+gel (p<0.05) apresentaram aumento de vascularização, e no 21º dia apenas os grupos controle e Ext (p<0.05). Os resultados histopatológicos mostraram que a formulação gel carbopol + extrato etanólico a 2% foi eficiente na reparação de tecidos e na diminuição de células inflamatórias nos animais diabéticos.

Infección periprotésica de rodilla ¿influye la estrategia quirúrgica en el resultado funcional? / Total knee arthroplasty infection, what is the best strategy for better functional outcomes?

Resumen: Introducción: La estrategia quirúrgica al enfrentarnos a las infecciones periprotésicas de rodilla sigue siendo controvertida. Los objetivos del tratamiento son la erradicación de la infección, la mejoría del dolor y de la función articular. El manejo quirúrgico incluye el desbridamiento y retención del implante, el recambio protésico en un tiempo o el recambio en dos tiempos. Esta última estrategia quirúrgica se considera el «gold standard¼, alcanzando unas tasas de curación hasta de 80%-100%, aunque poco se ha publicado acerca de los resultados funcionales. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 65 pacientes, con infección periprotésica de rodilla. En 20 pacientes se realizó un recambio en un tiempo y en 45 pacientes fueron recambios en dos tiempos. Evaluación pre- y postoperatoriamente con la escala modificada HSS. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con antibioterapia intravenosa, evaluamos la respuesta analítica y clínica para confirmar la erradicación o no de la infección. Resultados: La infección se resolvió en 39 de 65 pacientes, 12 en el grupo de recambio en un tiempo y 27 para el grupo de dos tiempos. Sin diferencia significativa entre los grupos en relación con curación ni resultado funcional. Sin embargo, hay una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre aquellos pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico vía oral antes del diagnóstico y aquéllos que no lo recibieron. Conclusión: La tasa de curación es similar en los tratados con recambio en un tiempo y recambio en dos tiempos. No pudimos demostrar superioridad en los resultados funcionales entre los dos grupos.

Abstract: Introduction: Surgical strategy in dealing with periprosthetic knee infections remains controversial. The goals of treatment are to eradicate infection, improve pain and joint function. Surgical management includes implant debridement and retention, prosthetic replacement in one-time, or two-stage replacement. This latest surgical strategy is considered the «gold standard¼, reaching healing rates up to 80%-100%, although little has been published about functional results. Material and methods: Retrospective study of 65 patients with periprosthetic knee infection. In 20 patients a replacement was made in a time and in 45 patients were in two stages. Pre- and post-operative evaluation with the modified HSS scale. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotherapy, we evaluated the analytical and clinical response to confirm the eradication or not of the infection. Results: The infection was resolved in 39 out of 65 patients, 12 in the replacement group in a time and 27 for the two-stages group. No significant difference between the groups in relation to healing or functional result. However, there is a statistically significant difference between those patients who received oral antibiotic treatment prior to diagnosis and those who did not. Conclusions: The healing rate is similarly treated with replacement in a time and replacement in two times. We were unable to demonstrate superiority in the functional results between the two groups.

Uso de la Fibrina Rica en Plaquetas Inyectable (i-PRF) en Defectos Infra Óseos en Terapia Periodontal no Quirúrgica. Reporte de Dos Casos / Use of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) in Infra Osseous Defects in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Report of Two Cases

RESUMEN: Entre los concentrados plaquetarios de segunda generación, ha suscitado creciente interés, el uso de fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos inyectable (i-PRF); que se obtiene a partir de la centrifugación inmediata de sangre venosa del propio individuo, y que aporta concentraciones elevadas de factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial, factor de crecimiento transformante beta, y factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas, entre otras proteínas que inician y coordinan el proceso reparativo. Su nula citotoxicidad y consistencia líquida abren un nuevo campo de estudio y experimentación en el ámbito de la Cirugía Oral y de la Periodoncia, como sustancia para irrigar. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue reportar el uso del i-PRF como irrigador subgingival en el tratamiento periodontal convencional de defectos infra óseos con 6 meses de seguimiento. En ambos casos, se verificó un efecto positivo de irrigación, lo que abre el debate al uso de productos farmacéuticos tradicionales como la clorhexidina versus preparados autólogos sin efectos adversos reportados a la fecha.

ABSTRACT: Second generation platelet concentrates include the use of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF), which has generated increasing interest because it is derived from immediate centrifugation of venous blood from the patients themselves. It provides high concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and platelet-derived growth factor, among other proteins that initiate and coordinate the healing process. Its null cytotoxicity and liquid consistency has opened new research lines in the field of oral surgery and periodontics, as an irrigation substance. The aim of this manuscript was to report the use of i-PRF, as a subgingival irrigator in conventional periodontal treatment of infra osseous defects, with six months follow-up. In both cases, a positive effect of irrigation was confirmed. These findings, open the debate as regards the use of traditional pharmaceutical products (such as chlorhexidine), versus autonomous preparations without adverse effects reported to date.

La actividad física y el estado nutricional en médicos / Physical activity and nutritional status in doctors

Contexto: el personal médico, debido a su conocimiento sobre la salud física y los medios para mantener la misma, constituye un ejemplo para la comunidad en general de un correcto estilo de vida en base a una alimentación saludable y la realización de ejercicio, pero la realidad es que no se conocen datos sobre el grado de actividad física y la nutrición del personal sanitario y su estado físico. Objetivo: establecer la prevalencia de sobrepeso y describir el nivel de actividad física del personal médico que labora en el Hospital San Francisco del IESS, de la ciudad de Quito. Sujetos y métodos: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal para describir la prevalencia de sobrepeso del personal médico, para lo cual se utilizó el IMC, el IPAQ versión corta y un cuestionario de consumo de alimentos. Mediciones principales: actividad física, estado nutricional, adición de sal, consumo de grasas saturadas y frutas. Resultados: se estudiaron 80 profesionales médicos, de los cuales 46, ( 57,5%; IC95%: 46,57%-67,74%) son mujeres. El 86,2% de los sujetos se encuentran en el rango de edad de 30 a 50 años. La clasificación realizada según la encuesta IPAQ, demostró que la mitad de los participantes (50%; n=40; IC95%: 39,30%-60,70%) realizan una actividad física leve, también denominada "caminata", y que solo 17 (21,3%; IC: 13,71%-31,42%) de los participantes realizan actividad física vigorosa. Las mujeres caminan más que los hombres (33% vs. 18%). El 53,8% (n= 43); IC95%: 42.9 ­ 64.3% de los médicos tienen sobrepeso y obesidad. Los hombres tienen mayor sobrepeso y obesidad que las mujeres (30% vs. 24%). El 41,3 % afirmaron que si agregan sal a sus alimentos diarios. El 22.5% si consumen grasas saturadas. En relación al consumo de frutas y verduras, el 60% (n=48); IC: 49,05%-70,04% revelaron que poseen un consumo moderado y relevante de estos productos. Habría cierta relación entre el incremento de actividad física y la disminución de IMC, la mediana del IMC tiende a disminuir. Igualmente, quienes disminuyen la actividad física incrementan el peso. Conclusión: la mitad del personal médico tiene sobrepeso. Debido a factores externos adicionales, la actividad física no es un determinante único para la reducción de peso en el personal médico. (AU)

Context: due to their knowledge about physical well-being and how to achieve it, healthcare professionalought to set the example for the community in general regarding a healthy lifestyle based on eating good food and exercising. However, in real terms, there are no data available concerning the physical condition, level oactivity and nutrition of health professionals. Objective: to establish the degree of excess weight and physical activity of the medical practitioners working aIESS (National Health Service) Hospital San Francisco in Quito. Subjects and methods: This is an epidemiologic cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at defining the prevalence of excess weight of medical personnel using BMI, IPAQ (short version) and a food consumption survey. Principal measurements: physical activity, nutritional condition, added salt, consumption of saturated fats and fruits. Results: the number of medical professionals taking part was 80, out of which 46, i.e. 57.5%; IC95%: 46.57%-67.74%) are women. 86.2% of the subjects are between 30 to 50 years of age. The IPAQ classification indicated that half of the participants (50%; n=40; IC95%: 39.30%-60.70%) undertake a moderate form ophysical activity such as walking, and that just 17 (21.3%; IC: 13.71%-31.42%) of the participants perform vigorous physical workouts. Females walk more than males (33% vs. 18%). Moreover, 53.8% (n= 43); IC95%:n 42.9 ­ 64.3% health practitioners are classed as overweight or obese. The males tended to be more overweight/ obese than the females: (30% vs. 24%). Also, 41.3 % of the subjects admitted adding salt to their food daily, and 22.5% knowingly consume saturated fats. Regarding the consumption of fruits and vegetables, 60% (n=48); IC: 49.05%-70.04% revealed that they have moderate or relevant consumption of these products. There is a correlation between increased physical activity and decreased BMI whereby the average BMI tends to go down. Likewise, those participants with decreased physical activity, tended to put on weight. Conclusion: half of the medical personnel are overweight. Due to additional external influences, physicaactivity is not the only determining factor for weight loss among the medical staff analysed. (AU)

Hipertrigliceridemia asociada a sobrepeso y obesidad en médicos del hospital San Francisco del IESS, en la ciudad de Quito: una alerta para los profesionales médicos / Hypertriglyceridemia associated with overweight and obesity in doctors at the San Francisco del IESS hospital, in the city of Quito: an alert for medical professionals

Contexto: la OMS menciona que la alteración del estado nutricional será notorio en países en vías de desarrollo, en los cuales se experimentará cambios acelerados en los regímenes alimentarios y el modo de vida de su población, y será una respuesta a "la industrialización, la urbanización, el desarrollo económico y la globalización de los mercados"; en Ecuador la población aumentó el consumo de productos alimenticios de rápida disponibilidad, saturados en grasas y con un gran contenido calórico; y según estadísticas actuales en la última década en Ecuador se ha demostrado un notable cambio nutricional. Y es por eso que, al existir estos nuevos accesos se debe tomar en cuenta a la Hipertrigliceridemia como factor de riesgo a futuro de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles especialmente cardiovasculares. Objetivo: describir la tasa de prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia en relación con el sobrepeso y obesidad en médicos del Hospital San Francisco del IESS en la ciudad de Quito del período 2015 ­ 2016. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio Epidemiológico Descriptivo de conjunto para describir la tasa de prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia y su relación con el estado nutricional del personal médico, para lo cual se utilizó el I.M.C. y nivel de triglicéridos en sangre. Mediciones principales: estado nutricional, triglicéridos. Resultados: se estudiaron 90 profesionales médicos, de los cuales el 60% IC95% 49,67 ­ 69,51% fueron mujeres con una media de edad de 37,96 ± 5,95 años y el 40% IC95% 30,49 ­ 50,33% fueron hombres de 40,94 ± 7,53 años de edad. Se observó que la prevalencia de Hipertrigliceridemia fue de 34,44% IC95% 25,45 ­ 44,72%, según el sexo fue de 22,22% IC95% 13,20 ­ 34,94% en mujeres y de 52,78% IC95% 37,01 ­ 68,01% en hombres. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 52,2% IC95% 37,76 ­ 57,98 %, por sexo fue de 42,59% IC95% 30,33 ­ 55,84% en mujeres y de 66,67% IC95% 50,33 ­ 79,79% en hombres. El 23,26% IC95% 13,15 ­ 37,74% de los 43 sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad fueron hipertrigliceridémicos, es decir, representa una tasa de Hipertrigliceridemia de 232,6 x cada 1000 habitantes con sobrepeso. Conclusiones: 5 de cada 10 médicos tuvieron obesidad. 3 de cada 10 médicos presentaron hipertrigliceridemia. Aproximadamente la cuarta parte de los sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen hipertrigliceridemia. La hipertrigliceridemia se relaciona con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Los profesionales de la salud tienen una alta prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia con sobrepesou obesidad, lo que los expone a desarrollar enfermedades de riesgo cardiovascular. (AU)

Context: the World Health Organisation has mentioned that accelerated changes in the food regime and lifestyles of the population will cause noticeable alterations in the nutritional conditions of people in developing countries occurring as a response to the "industrialization, urbanisation, economic development and globalization of markets". In Ecuador, people have increased their consumption of readily available food products which are high in saturated fats and are distinctly calorific; and thus, according to current statistics, in the past ten years a noticeable nutritional shift has taken place. It is therefore imperative to consider Hypertriglyceridemia as a future risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular ones. Objective: to describe the rate of prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in relation to excess weight and obesity in doctors working for IESS (National Health Service) San Francisco Hospital in Quito during the 2015 ­ 2016 period. Subjects and methods: this is an epidemiological descriptive set of studies using BMI and triglyceride counts, aimed at describing the prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia and its relation to the nutritional conditions of medical personnel. Main measurements: nutritional conditions, triglycerides Results: a total of 90 medical staff took part: 60% IC95% 49.67 ­ 69.51% were female with an average age of 37.96 ± 5.95 years, and 40% IC95% 30.49 ­ 50.33% were male ranging 40.94 ± 7.53 years of age. The prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia was 34.44% IC95% 25.45 ­ 44.72%, and according to gender: 22.22% IC95% 13.20 ­ 34.94% in women and 52.78% IC95% 37.01 ­ 68.01% in men. The prevalence of excess weight and obesity was 52.2% IC95% 37.76 ­ 57.98 %: in terms of gender 42.59% IC95% 30.33 ­ 55.84% in women and 66.67% IC95% 50.33 ­ 79.79% in men. The results indicated that 23.26% IC95% 13.15 ­ 37.74% of the 43 subjects suffering excess weight or obesity are hypertriglyceridemic: this is equal to a hypertriglyceridemic rate of 232.6 x per every 1000 overweight persons. Conclusion: five of every 10 doctors are obese, and 3 out of every 10 present Hypertriglyceridemia. Approximately a quarter of the persons suffering excess weight and obesity have Hypertriglyceridemia which is a disease that is directly related to excess weight and obesity. Medical professionals have a high prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia due to being overweight and obese, and are therefore at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.(AU)

Validação de um método analítico rápido por CLAE-UV para determinação de cumarina em guaco (Mikania glomerata Sprengel) confirmado com espectrometria de massas / Validation of a rapid analytical method by HPLC for determining coumarin in guaco (Mikania glomerata Sprengel) confirmed with mass spectrometry

RESUMO A espécie Mikania glomerata Sprengel, popularmente conhecida no Brasil como guaco, é amplamente utilizada como expectorante para tratar doenças respiratórias e tem a sua atividade farmacológica atribuída principalmente a cumarina. Os resultados mostraram que o método apresenta linearidade de 0,05 a 0,8 mg mL-1. Ele foi considerado seletivo, exato e preciso. A proposta de um método rápido para determinação de cumarina em extratos de guaco torna-se interessante para a rotina de controle de qualidade industrial, visando à obtenção de medicamentos fitoterápicos padronizados.

ABSTRACT The species Mikania glomerata Sprengel, popularly known in Brazil as “guaco”, is widely used as an expectorant to treat respiratory diseases. Its pharmacological activity is mainly attributed to coumarin. The results showed that the method for determining coumarin presented linearity from 0.05 to 0.8 mg mL-1. It was considered selective, accurate, and precise according to the specific resolution from ANVISA, the Brazilian regulatory agency. The proposal of a rapid method for the determining coumarin in extracts of guaco is interesting for routine industrial quality control in order to obtain standardized, efficient, and safe phytotherapic medicines.

Genetic diversity detection of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) by genes associated with coat color / Detección de la diversidad genética del caballo doméstico (Equus caballus) mediante genes asociados al color del pelaje

Objective. To assess the population structure and genetic diversity in populations of domestic horse (Equus caballus) in the municipality Cienaga de Oro-Córdoba (Colombia). Materials and methods. Random sampling were conducted between August and October 2013, in adult animals on farms seven districts, which was carried out phenotypic characterization of each animal, based on autosomal markers encoding morphological Extension (E) , Agouti (A), Cream (C), White (W), Gray (G), Tobiano (TO), Overo (O) and Roan (RN). Population genetic parameters: allele frequency, genetic diversity, gene flow, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genetic distance were calculated through the program POPGENE 1.31; the genetic structure was assessed using the program FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2. Results. 341 individuals were analyzed in the seven populations studied, where the Extension gene Was the MOST faq frequently as the Overo and Tobiano genes showed the lowest values. Insignificant values of genetic variability and population recorded a global level, likewise, low genetic differentiation among populations, accompanied by a high gene flow was obtained; an excess of heterozygotes at population and global level was observed; to this is added the presence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all populations relative to the markers studied and low genetic distance values ​​were reported. Conclusions. The populations are highly genetically related, a situation that may result from the existing geographical proximity between them, favoring genetic exchange and the establishment of a metapopulation.

Objetivo. Evaluar la estructura poblacional y la diversidad genética en poblaciones de caballo doméstico (Equus caballus), en el municipio Ciénaga de Oro, Córdoba (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron muestreos aleatorios entre los meses de Agosto y Octubre del año 2013, en animales adultos presentes en las fincas de siete corregimientos, donde se llevó a cabo la caracterización fenotípica a cada animal, atendiendo a los marcadores autosómicos de codificación morfológica Extension (E), Agouti (A), Cream (C), White (W), Gris (G), Tobiano (TO), Overo (O) y Roan (RN). Los parámetros genéticos poblacionales: frecuencia alélica, diversidad genética, flujo génico, equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg y distancia génica, fueron calculados a través del programa PopGene 1.31; la estructura genética se evaluó mediante el programa FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2. Resultados. Se analizaron 341 individuos en las siete poblaciones estudiadas, donde El marcador Extensión fue el de mayor frecuencia mientras los genes Overo y Tobiano presentaron los menores valores. Se registraron cifras poco significativas de variabilidad genética a nivel global y poblacional, así mismo, se obtuvo una escasa diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones, acompañado de un elevado flujo génico; se observó un exceso de heterocigotos a nivel poblacional y a nivel total, a esto se le suma la presencia de equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg en todas las poblaciones con relación a los marcadores estudiados y se reportaron valores bajos de distancia genética. Conclusiones. Las poblaciones se encuentran muy relacionadas genéticamente, situación que puede obedecer a la cercanía geográfica existente entre ellas, favoreciendo el intercambio genético y la constitución de una metapoblación.

Características de carcaça de codornas de corte EV1 alimentadas com diferentes níveis de metionina+cistina total / Carcass traits of EV1 quail strain fed different methionine+cystine level diets

O peso e o rendimento das carcaças de codornas de corte da linhagem EV1 foram avaliados no 35° dia de idade em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos consistidos de um fatorial 2 x 6, ou seja, dois sexos e seis níveis de metionina+cistina totais (0,73; 0,79; 0,85; 0,91; 0,97 e 1,03%), quatro repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados peso corporal, peso e rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, asas, vísceras comestíveis e gordura abdominal. Não houve efeito da interação sexo x nível de metionina das dietas para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de metionina+cistina sobre peso corporal, carcaça, peito, coxa, asa e coração, com pontos de máximo em 0,93% para peso corporal, carcaça, peito e coxa; 0,90% para peso de asa e 0,92% para peso de coração. O peso de fígado aumentou de forma linear à medida que foram aumentados os níveis de metionina+cistina das dietas. Os níveis de metionina+cistina da dieta influenciaram de forma quadrática nos rendimentos de peito e asas, com pontos de máximo estimados para codornas alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,96% e 0,98% de metionina+cistina, respectivamente. O maior rendimento de moela foi obtido nas codornas alimentadas com 0,73% de metionina+cistina. O peso corporal de carcaça, peito, coxa, asa, fígado, moela e o rendimento de fígado nas fêmeas foram maiores que nos machos. A exigência de metionina+cistina para pesos de carcaça e peito é 0,93%, e para rendimento de peito 0,96%...

Carcass weight and yield of European quail strain EV1 were evaluated at 35 days of age in a completely randomized experimental design, with the treatments consisting of a 2 x 6 factorial combination, two sexes and six different methionine+cystine levels of diets (.73; .79; .85; .91; .97 and 1.03%), with four replicates and 12 quails per experimental unit. Body weight, weights and yields of carcass, breast, thigh, wing and, edible giblets and abdominal fat were recorded. Significant and quadratic effect of methionine+cystine level on body weight, weights of carcass, breast, thigh and heart were observed with estimated maximum of body weight and weights of carcass, breast and thigh for quails fed .93% methionine+cystine diets, .90% for wing weight and .92% for heart weight. Increasing and linear response of liver weight to methionine+cystine level of diet was estimated while breast and wing yields showed quadratic responses with estimated maximum for quails fed .96% and .98% methionine+cystine level diets. Higher gizzard yield was observed for quails fed .73% diets. Higher body weight, and weights of carcass, thigh, wing, liver, gizzard and liver yields were estimated for females. Methionine+cystine requirement for quail carcass and breast weights is .93% and for breast yield .96%...

Infección por el virus de la hepatitis C en individuos transfundidos antes de 1994 en Antioquia, Colombia / Hepatitis C Infections among Individuals who Received Transfusions prior to 1994 in Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción: la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C es un problema de salud pública. Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se estiman 184 millones de casos de infección por VHC en el mundo. El principal factor de riesgo en países en desarrollo corresponde a la transfusión de componentes sanguíneos. En Colombia, en 1993, se reglamentó el tamizaje serológico en los bancos de sangre para diferentes agentes infecciosos, incluido el VHC; sin embargo, los datos de infección por VHC en la población transfundida antes de esta fecha es limitada. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de infección por el VHC en una población de individuos transfundidos antes de 1994 en Antioquia. Materiales y Métodos: un total de 166 individuos transfundidos antes de 1994 aceptaron participar en el estudio. A partir de las muestras de suero se realizó la detección de anticuerpos totales contra el VHC (anti-VHC) mediante prueba de ELISA y en las muestras positivas se determinó la presencia del genoma viral por RT-PCR de la región no codificante 5’. Resultados y conclusiones: en el población de estudio se encontró una frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-VHC de 6,6% (11/166) y presencia del genoma del VHC en 7/11 de las muestras; el genotipo 1 se identificó en 4 de las muestras. No se encontró asociación de otros factores de riesgo diferentes a transfusión en los individuos con marcadores de infección por el VHC. Este estudio aporta datos a la epidemiología de la infección por el VHC en Colombia.

Introduction: Infection with the hepatitis C virus is a public health problem. According to the World Health Organization there are an estimated 184 million cases of HCV infection around the world. The main risk factor in developing countries is transfusion of blood components. In 1993, Colombian regulations began requiring serological screening by blood banks for infectious agents including HCV. Nevertheless, data about HCV infections in the population transfused before this date is limited. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the frequency of HCV infection in the population of individuals transfused before 1994 in Antioquia. Materials and Methods: A total of 166 individuals transfused before 1994 agreed to participate in the study. ELISA tests for antibodies to HCV were performed on these patients’ serum samples. Samples that were positive were tested for the presence of the viral genome by RT-PCR of non-coding region 5. Results and Conclusions: The frequency of anti-HCV antibodies in study population was 6.6% (11/166) while the HCV genome was present in seven of these eleven individuals. Genotype 1 was identified in four of the samples. No associations of different risk factors for transfusion in individuals with markers of HCV infection were found. This study provides data on the epidemiology of HCV infection in Colombia.

Infecciones del tracto urinario bajo en adultos y embarazadas: consenso para el manejo empírico / Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Adults and Pregnant Women: A Consensus for Empirical Treatment

Introducción: La infección no complicada del tracto urinario bajo y la bacteriuria asintomática son causas frecuentes de consulta médica ambulatoria y en el servicio de urgencias en Colombia y el mundo. La falta de pautas y consenso para el manejo, así como la emergencia de resistencia a las múltiples opciones terapéuticas disponibles en los uropatógenos provenientes de la comunidad, hacen necesario elaborar unas recomendaciones que orienten al clínico sobre el abordaje óptimo de estas entidades. Objetivo: Definir un consenso sobre el manejo empírico de la bacteriuria asintomática y la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) bajo en adultos y mujeres embarazadas en Colombia. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una metodología de consenso con expertos en urología, infectología, medicina interna, ginecología y microbiología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se elaboró un algoritmo de manejo para el tratamiento empírico de la ITU baja no complicada en adultos con antisépticos urinarios como nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina trometamol como primera línea, con recomendaciones terapéuticas específicas para el tratamiento de la bacteriuria asintomática en mujeres embarazadas. Adicionalmente, se formuló un algoritmo de decisión para el procesamiento de cultivos de orina. La recurrencia o recaída frecuente justifica remisión a urología e infectología. Conclusiones: Se generan recomendaciones prácticas de fácil implementación en el diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU bajo en adultos y embarazadas, y de los casos donde es necesario tratar la bacteriuria asintomática, con opciones terapéuticas efectivas y de espectro reducido.

Background: Uncomplicated infection of the lower urinary tract and asymptomatic bacteriuria are frequent causes of visits to outpatient clinics and emergency departments in Colombia and worldwide. The lack of guidelines and a consensus for their management, and the emergence of resistance of community-based uropathogens to the available therapeutic options, make it necessary to develop recommendations to guide clinicians on the optimal approach to these entities. Objective: Define a consensus for the empiric management of asymptomatic bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in adults and pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We carried out a consensus methodology with experts in urology, infectious diseases, internal medicine, gynecology and clinical microbiology; based on reviewing the available literature on the related terms, and emphasizing local studies. Results: We developed a management algorithm for the empirical treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI in adults with urinary antiseptics such as nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin trometamol as first line, with specific therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Additionally, we created a decision algorithm for processing urine cultures. Frequent recurrence or relapse justifies referral to urology and infectious disease professionals. Conclusions: We generated straightforward and easy-to-implement recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTI in adults and pregnant women, and in cases where it is necessary to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria, with effective therapeutic and narrow spectrum options.

The epigenetic modifiers 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A influence adipocyte differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells

Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification are important in stem cell differentiation. Methylation is principally associated with transcriptional repression, and histone acetylation is correlated with an active chromatin state. We determined the effects of these epigenetic mechanisms on adipocyte differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue (ADSCs) using the chromatin-modifying agents trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5azadC), a demethylating agent. Subconfluent MSC cultures were treated with 5, 50, or 500 nM TSA or with 1, 10, or 100 µM 5azadC for 2 days before the initiation of adipogenesis. The differentiation was quantified and expression of the adipocyte genes PPARG and FABP4 and of the anti-adipocyte gene GATA2 was evaluated. TSA decreased adipogenesis, except in BM-MSCs treated with 5 nM TSA. Only treatment with 500 nM TSA decreased cell proliferation. 5azadC treatment decreased proliferation and adipocyte differentiation in all conditions evaluated, resulting in the downregulation of PPARG and FABP4 and the upregulation of GATA2. The response to treatment was stronger in ADSCs than in BM-MSCs, suggesting that epigenetic memories may differ between cells of different origins. As epigenetic signatures affect differentiation, it should be possible to direct the use of MSCs in cell therapies to improve process efficiency by considering the various sources available.

Actinomicosis pelviana: caso clínico / Pelvic actinomycosis: a case report

La actinomicosis pelviana es una enfermedad granulomatosa crónica muy infrecuente, causada por un bacilo Gram positivo, y que clínicamente suele confundirse con neoplasias pelvianas. Se presenta un caso clínico en que sospechó la infección en forma temprana, logrando resultados exitosos con tratamiento médico.

Pelvic actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease quite uncommon; it is caused by positive Gram bacilli, and clinically it may appear as a pelvic neoplasia. We present a case report in which the infection was pursued actively, achieving excellent results with medical treatment.

Digestibilidade intestinal in vitro da proteína de coprodutos da indústria do biodiesel / Intestinal protein digestibility of by-products from biodiesel industry

Determinou-se a digestibilidade intestinal (DI) da proteína de vários coprodutos do biodiesel nas formas de farelo e torta. Foram avaliados oito coprodutos: tortas e farelos de pinhão manso, nabo forrageiro, tremoço, algodão. Os coprodutos foram incubados no rúmen por 16 horas, e os resíduos não degradados no rúmen submetidos à digestão enzimática com solução de pepsina e pancreatina para a determinação da DI. Ainda, nos resíduos da incubação ruminal, foram determinadas: degradabilidade da matéria seca (DR), proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) e proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). A digestibilidade intestinal da proteína para os coprodutos do biodiesel variou de 2,4 a 48,6%. Todos os coprodutos avaliados caracterizaram-se como alimentos de alto teor proteico, sendo considerados de alta PDR, e apresentaram baixa digestibilidade intestinal da proteína. A DI da proteína dos coprodutos do biodiesel na forma de torta foi maior em comparação com a dos farelos. A torta e o farelo de algodão apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de DI.

The objective of this research was to determine intestinal protein digestibility (ID) of some biodiesel by-products in the form of cakes and the meals. Eight by-products were: cakes and meals of physic nut, turnip, lupine, cotton cake, cottonseed meal. The by-products were incubated in the rumen for 16 hours, were the undegradable rumen residues were submitted to enzymatic digestion with pepsin and pancreatin solution for the determination of ID. In the incubation residues the following was also determined: dry matter degradability (RD), rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP). The intestinal protein digestibility of biodiesel by-products ranged from 2.4 to 48.6%. All the by-products evaluated in this study were characterized as high protein sources and were considered high-RDP. The by-products presented low intestinal protein digestibility. The ID protein of biodiesel by-products was higher in the cakes than the meals. The by-products evaluated, the cottonseed cake and meal presented the highest ID coefficients.